Robert Frost s The Gift Outright - 1313 Words

Robert Frost Emma Ramsey English 6th Hour December 8, 2012 Robert Frost According to PoetryFoundation.org, â€Å"Robert Frost holds a unique and almost isolated position in American letters.† Robert Frost is very popular for his realistic writings of rural life. He was a great poet and was honored frequently during his lifetime. Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and recited his poem, â€Å"The Gift Outright,† at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration in January 1961 which got him national prominence. PoetryFoundation.org also says, â€Å"In a sense, Frost stands at 19th-centuryAmerican poetry and modernism, for in his verse may be found the culmination of many 19th-century tendencies and traditions as well as parallels to the works of his 20th-century contemporaries.† â€Å"His clear, simple language and conversational tone revealed the poet’s penetrating insight and make his poetry beloved by millions of readers† (Schechter 263). On March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, California, Robert Lee Frost was born. William Prescott Frost Jr. and Isabelle Moodie, his parents, moved to California shortly after marrying. His father died from tuberculosis when he was just eleven years of age. After the death of his father, Frost moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts, with his mother and sister. There he became interested in reading and writing poetry in his high school years. Robert Frost attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1892, and later went to HarvardShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Robert Frost s La Noche Triste Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2014 Paper 5 Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California. He is, without a doubt, one of the greatest poets in American history. Frost used a traditional style and candidly opposed the free verse style. His poetry is deceptively simple, customarily employing colloquial expression that proceeds just as readily as speech and apply ing a conventional style similar to that of Carl Sandberg, Emily Dickinson, and Edgar Allen Poe (Roberts Zweig 2008). Frost s vivid depictionsRead MoreBiography of Robert Lee Frost Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesBiography of Robert Lee Frost Biography of Robert Lee Frost A poem begins with a lump in the throat, a home-sickness or a love-sickness. It is a reaching-out toward expression; an effort to find fulfillment. A complete poem is one where an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found the words Robert Lee Frost once said. Robert Frost is widely admired and recognized for his literary works. He was an honored poet of the twentieth century. Frost may have lived a troubling lifeRead MoreRobert Frost : The Love Of Writing Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages Robert Frost: For The Love of Writing There are and have been many great writers in the current day and throughout history. They all have different accomplishments, and most hold college diplomas. While Robert Frost didn’t receive a diploma from either of the colleges he attended, his success shows that it is not required. So what is it about him that many still consider him to be a great writer? What is it about his poems and writings? Are they only words, or do they hold something more†¦aRead MorePoem, Birches And Out, Out By Robert Frost1116 Words   |  5 Pagesin â€Å"Birches† and â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco. Descended from the New Englanders generations, his parents, make Robert Frost is much associated with New England. In addition, most of his poems were well-known as a reflection from New England life. Despite that, he was a kind of subtle poet and generally recognized as a private man. Moreover, his appearance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy to recite â€Å"The Gift Outright† for the millions of AmericanRead MoreAleryani. Coach Will Rikard. British Literature. 25 January1836 Words   |  8 PagesAleryani Coach Will Rikard British Literature 25 January 2017 Robert Frost Inspired by many great ones before him, Robert Lee Frost reached the pinnacle of literary and poetic greatness. He lived a life full of suffering, lost most of his loved ones, and even thought of suicide at one point. He loved one woman for forty years. He suffered from depression when he recited Twilight to her and she demurred him. Robert Frost s aesthetic view on the world in his poem stopping by woods on a snowy eveningRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, untilRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1874 Words   |  8 Pagesline of the opening stanza of Robert Frost’s poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† The traveler in this story has been walking down a path and come to two diverging roads. Thus, creating a situation in which the traveler must make a decision. This poem is often misinterpreted by readers and critics. The poem is entertaining, but it is not as deep and profound as many people believe. I interpret the poem as a reflection of the uncer tainties of life, but in a humorous way. Frost was born in San Francisco, CaliforniaRead MoreMaya Angelou : An Amazing Woman1155 Words   |  5 Pageswrote several autobiographies throughout her career, including All God s Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002), but 1969 s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings continues to be regarded as her most popular autobiographical work. She also published several collections of poetry, including Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water Fore I Die (1971), which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. One of Angelou s most famous works is the poem On the Pulse of Morning, which sheRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 PagesQUESTION THREE A Ltd. is resident in Canada for tax purposes. In the current year A Ltd. earned interest income of $4,000 in Canada, $6,000 in England, and $8,000 in Bermuda. What    amount    of    interest    income   must    be    reported    on    A    Ltd.’s    Canadian    corporate income tax return for the current year? Income tax reference: ITA 2(1), 3(a). Copyright  © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Solutions Manual Chapter Three 16 Buckwold and Kitunen, Canadian Income Taxation, 2013-2014 Ed. QUESTIONRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesThe Ballad of the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A young

The Roots of Prostitution In the UK Free Essays

Introduction Prostitution is having sex with strangers in exchange for money or other valuables. It is implied that the payment is made for a specific reward. Prostitution is a service that can be done by men or women to request either men or women takes place in cities around the world and has certain common characteristics, although the number of prostitutes vary widely from city to city that is next to it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roots of Prostitution In the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Leheny 2005 367) According to sociologist, Giddens prostitution can simply be defined as â€Å"the granting of sexual favours for monetary gain.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). He went on further to explain the genesis of the word stating that: â€Å"The word ‘prostitute’ began to come into common usage in the late eighteenth century. In the ancient world, most purveyors of sexuality for economic reward were courtesans, concubines (kept mistresses) or slaves.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). In the United Kingdom, prostitution has been an occupation carried out by many men and women of a variety of social status’ and ages. The act of prostitution has been used as a means to make ends meet. Over a period of decades to prostitute ones self or par take in the act of prostitution was not seen as illegal until recent times. Although sexual encounters occur regularly between males and females of the opposing sex, the exchange of money and gifts have now changed what was once commonplace to a taboo. Some individuals still see the act of prostitution as a deviant act and it is not a kind of ambition a parent would wish for his or her children. Others have accepted that this is now a part of the ‘norm’ although they disagree with such acts feel there is no need to condemn those that indulge. Despite this, research has shown that â€Å"almost 80,000 (people) are involved in prostitution in the UK. Up to 95% of those involved in street-based prostitution are problematic drug-users, and many are homeless. Continuous research has shown that 4.3% of men have paid for sex in the last three years (8.9% in London, 3.5% nationally).† (Paying the Price, Home Office Consultation, July 2004). The act of prostitution is practised mostly in urban areas. According to (Bullough Vern et al. 1982 page 154), â€Å"prostitution in the middle ages was, much as it is today, primarily an urban institution.† Prostitution is an urban institution because it is mostly in cities that these sex workers are groomed. Nowadays, people are far more aware of sex workers and their activities but choose to overlook such indeiscressions and have accepted them as the norm. This then leads us to the following causes of prostitution. The history of prostitution dates back to thousands of years ago (Tannahil, Sex in History). Although it is difficult to say precisely what era prostitution started, it is evident that the profession is ancient as it can be seen from the Bible that prostitutes existed. Giddens states that the word prostitution began to come into common usage in the late eighteenth century. In the ancient world, most purveyors of sexuality for economic reward were courtesans, concubines (kept mistresses) or slaves.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). From the Mesopotamian times to the present, the debates around prostitution continue to question why it exists in the society and how it can be eradicated. However, there have been negative perceptions about prostitution; there have also been views that prostitution in medieval Europe was influenced by the views o the early Churches. It was tolerable as it was seen as unavoidable (Tannahill, Sex in History (1982), 279). Research on prostitution dates back to the nineteenth century. A prominent researcher of prostitution was Dr William Sanger who sought to examine why women went into prostitution. The research into prostitution is still a popular topic and its continuance reveals the problematic nature of this supposed profession in our society. The problems which prostitution causes will be discussed in the latter part of the essay. The continuing debate on prostitution would be irrelevant if one cannot define what it actually is. Though the definitions of prostitution are interlinked, the complexity arises because of the differing definitions that exist between different theorists. In the â€Å"Reflections on the Sad Profession† (Time Magazine, August 23 1971), the difficulty of defining prostitution was noted. It stated, â€Å"The whole subject of prostitution is full of ambiguities and hypocrisies. The Encarta dictionary defines prostitution as â€Å"the act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sex acts in exchange for money, or of offering another person for such purposes (Encarta Dictionary Tools (2006)). The definition in the dictionary is the attitude an ordinary person in the society holds about prostitution. However, there have been arguments that prostitution goes beyond the engagement of sexual intercourse in exchange for money. In her article titled â€Å"A Theory of Prostitution† (February 2002, Journal of Political Economy), Lena Edlund claims that â€Å"a prostitute cannot simply be a woman who sells her body since that is done every day by women who become wives in order to gain a home and a livelihood. The definition Edlund presents is arguable to the extent that patriarchy in our society has greatly reduced in comparison to traditional times. The increase in employment in recent times shows that women are able to be independent of men ev en when they do become wives without the need to exchange their bodies for livelihood. In the â€Å"Philosophy Statement† of a Minnesota-based nonprofit organization, prostitution was defined as a â€Å"systematic sexual violence and oppression against women and girls† (Breaking Free Inc.). For the reason that the organization focuses on helping women and girls who have been involved in prostitution, one can argue that this definition is biased. However, as it will be discussed later in detail, domestic violence remains one of the adverse effects of prostitution showing some truth in the definition of the organization. In the article â€Å"The History of Prostitution through the Reneissance†, Magistra Rosemounde of Mercia asserts that there are various theories on prostitution and it can be broken down into four basic categories. The first theory asserts that prostitution cannot be avoided because nature determines certain roles for men and women of whom one of the roles women have is to satisfy the sexual needs of men. Some theorists such as Lars Ericsson hold this view (Schwarzenbach, Contractarians and Feminists Debate Prostitution 1991). The second view is the socialist/Marxist view is that prostitution is inevitable result of capitalism (Vern and Bonnie Bullough, Women and Prostitution: A Social History (1987; 3-4)). The third view is widely held by some anthropologists, which asserts that prostitution is a holdover from early matriarchal societies where it was practiced without negative social stigma that is present today (Bullough, 5-8). The final theory is that prostitution is a func tion of a patriarchal and male dominated society. Mainly feminists (Tong, Women, Sex and the Law (1984)) and traditional anthropologists hold this view. Causes of prostitution There are various reasons why people turn to prostitution in the society and some of these reasons would be discussed and analysed in this case study. One of the reasons why people engage in the act of prostitution according to Taylor is because of children being sexually abused. Sexually abused children tend to act in a manner in which they had been brought up from childhood. It was stated in the video of ‘the Prostitution Agenda’ on You Tube â€Å"93% of prostituted women are survivors of sexual abuse† (www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ngNPsYgLc) Furthermore, in the UK people especially women have been attracted into prostitution because of the high rate of divorce. Giddens states, â€Å"The increasing divorce rate has tempted some newly impoverished women into prostitution† (Anthony Giddens 2003). Some divorced women turn into prostitution because they just want to get the sexual pleasure that they are not getting. Another reason why individuals turn to prostitution is Poverty. â€Å"Poverty can be defined as a situation in which an individual or individuals in a society are not able to live up to the average standard of expectations in a society which is being below the stated poverty line and having low life chances.† (Seebhom Rowntree). In modern days, people get involved in prostitution because they believe it is an easier way to get money or drugs without having to do much. According to Giddens â€Å"Prostitution in the UK today come mainly from poorer social backgrounds, as they did in the past, but they have been joined by considerable numbers of middle-class women.† (Anthony Giddens 2003). More tragic are the women in low-income situations, doing it out of pure economic necessity. Sometimes they are single mothers, who simply have not been able to find any other way to make it. Another reason why people engage in the act of prostitution is due to unemployment and the nature of their former job. Urbanized cities in the UK have very big class struggle such that the life chances of individuals are very low and they can do many things to survive; Things like robbery, fraud and murder talk less of prostitution. People can also practice prostitution due to the nature of their former job or generally experiences. According to Gerdes, â€Å"ex- strippers, massage parlour workers, call girls, escorts, pornographic- actors and/or actresses are likely to be involved in the act of prostitution later on† (Louise I. Gerdes 2007). The culture, particular mass media, is playing a large role in normalizing prostitution by Portraying prostitution as glamorous or a way to make a lot of money quickly and easily. Of course, within the commercial world of entertainment, there are many connections between the film and publishing industries and pornography production, between tourist entertainment and sex tourism. Generally, the media is invested in supporting the expansion of the sex industry. Within academia, and to my great disappointment, the area of women’s studies, prostitution is Presented as â€Å"sex work.† In addition, â€Å"sex workers† are represented as being empowered, independent, Liberated women. This false and destructive ideology has invaded our courses in Universities. We should be asking, â€Å"Who really benefits when we redefine prostitution as a legitimate form of work for women?† Do women and girls benefitWhere are these women and girls going to come fromBecause as prostitution become legal and normal, more and more women and girls will be needed. Is this our solution to women’s poverty and unemployment? Certainly, it will benefit the exploiters, and the state will easily solve the poverty and Unemployment problem for one sector of society. Turn them into sex workers. Within the culture, churches are the voice of moral authority. Unfortunately, in the battle against Prostitution, the voice of moral authority that condemns all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse is being lost. Some churches are compromising on their mission and their vision. In years past, they have been accused of being â€Å"moralistic,† so they have retreated into â€Å"non-judgmental† positions and ways of addressing prostitution. They need to re-examine their retreat from this issue and reengage in the debate. There is an important role for churches to play in describing the harm of prostitution to women, children, families, and communities. Religious communities, from the grassroots to the leadership, need to use their voice of authority to combat the increasing sexual exploitation of victims and its normalization. (Donna M. Hughes Professor Carlson Endowed. July 1, 2, and 3, 2004 Female Prostitution: Proposals and Interventions) Health Effects of Prostitution When violence against women is considered, prostitution is often exempted from the category of violence against women. However, a consideration of the dire health consequences of prostitution demonstrates that prostitution not only gravely impairs women’s health but also firmly belongs in the category of violence against women. The health consequences to women from prostitution are the same injuries and infections suffered by women who are subjected to other forms of violence against women. The physical health consequences include injury (bruises, broken bones, black eyes, concussions). A 1994 study conducted with 68 women in Minneapolis/St.Paul who had been prostituted for at least six months found that half the women had been physically assaulted by their purchasers, and a third of these experienced purchaser assaults at least several times a year. 23% of those assaulted were beaten severely enough to have suffered broken bones. Two experienced violence so vicious that they were beaten into a coma. Furthermore, 90% of the women in this study had experienced violence in their personal relationships resulting in miscarriage, stabbing, loss of consciousness, and head injuries (Parriott, Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution). The sex of prostitution is physically harmful to women in prostitution. STDs (including HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, herpes, human papilloma virus, and syphilis) are alarmingly high among women in prostitution. Only 15 % of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had never contracted one of the STDs, not including AIDS, most injurious to health (Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhoeal, herpes). General gynaecological problems, but in particular chronic pelvic pain and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), plague women in prostitution.. The Minneapolis/St. Paul study reported that 31% of the women interviewed had experienced at least one episode of PID, which accounts for most of the serious illness associated with STD infection. Among these women, there was also a high incidence of positive pap smears, several times greater than the Minnesota Department of Health’s cervical cancer screening program for low and middle-income women. More STD episodes can increase the risk of cervi cal cancer. Another physical effect of prostitution is unwanted pregnancy and miscarriage. Over two-thirds of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had an average of three pregnancies during their time in prostitution, which they attempted to bring to term. Other health effects include irritable bowel syndrome, as well as partial and permanent disability. The emotional health consequences of prostitution include severe trauma, stress, depression, anxiety, self-medication through alcohol and drug abuse; and eating disorders. Almost all the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study categorized themselves as chemically addicted. Crack cocaine and alcohol were used most frequently. Ultimately, women in prostitution are also at special risk for self-mutilation, suicide and homicide. 46% of the women in the Minneapolis/St. Paul study had attempted suicide, and 19% had tried to harm themselves physically in other ways. More succinctly, women in prostitution suffer the same broken bones, concussions, STDs, chronic pelvic pain, and extreme stress and trauma that women who have been battered, raped and sexually abused endure. In fact, the case can be made that women in prostitution — because they are subject to being battered, raped and sexually abused all at the same time over an extensive period — suffer these health consequences more intensively and consistently. For example, in another survey of 55 victims/survivors of prostitution who used the services of the Council for Prostitution Alternative in Portland, Oregon, 78% were victims of rape by pimps and male buyers an average of 49 times a year; 84% were the victims of aggravated assault and were thus horribly beaten, often requiring emergency room attention and hospitalization; 53% were victims of sexual abuse and torture; and 27% were mutilated (Documentation available from the Council for Prostitution Alternatives). In developing countries, it has also been estimated that â€Å"70 percent of female infertility†¦ is caused by sexually transmitted diseases that can be traced back to their husbands or partners (Jodi L. Jacobson, The Other Epidemic, p. 10). Among women in rural Africa, female infertility is widespread from husbands or partners who migrate to urban areas, buy commercial sex, and bring home infection and sexually transmitted diseases. Women in prostitution industries have been blamed for this epidemic of STDs when, in reality, studies confirm that it is men who buy sex in the process of migration who carry the disease from one prostituted woman to another and ultimately back to their wives and girlfriends. In what becomes a vicious cycle, infertility leads to divorce and, in some cases, the ex-wife who is cast aside herself turns to prostitution to survive. â€Å"The movement of abandoned or rejected ‘barren’ women to urban prostitution has been documented in Niger , Uganda, and the Central African Republic. Numerous studies in Africa and Asia by the World Bank and a number of international research organizations have found that divorced or separated women comprise the great majority of prostitutes or ‘semi’ prostitutes’ (Jacobson, p. 13).† Thus, a major health effect of the mass male consumption of commercial sex and the expansion of sex industries in developing countries, is not only a rampant increase in sexually transmitted diseases but an exponential increase in infertility. The further effects of this vicious cycle insure that a whole new segment of women who are abandoned by their husbands due to infertility, are propelled into prostitution for survival. Anti-AIDS groups have largely focused on negotiating â€Å"safe sex† by promoting condom usage. In both developing and industrialized country contexts, current campaigns to control the spread of HIV/AIDS by advocating â€Å"safe sex† for women in prostitution fail to address the blatant inequities between women who are bought for sex and the men who pay for it. Any AIDS strategy based on negotiating condom use between the purchaser of sex and the woman who must supply it assumes a symmetry of power that does not even exist between women and men in many personal consensual relationships. If AIDS programs are serious about eradicating AIDS, they must challenge the sex industry. Women in prostitution are targeted as the problem instead of making the sex industry problematic and challenging the mass male consumption of women and children in commercial sex. This is institutionalized when governments and NGOs argue for the medicalization of prostitution when they propose laws on prostitution which subject women to periodic medical check-ups. It is stated that women in the sex industry would be better protected if they submitted, or were required to submit, to health and especially STD screening. The way in which sex industries are responsible for the widespread health problems of women and children is mystified with proposals to implement health checks of women in the industry. No proposals have been forthcoming, from those who would propose both mandatory and voluntary medical surveillance for women in the sex industry, to medically monitor the men who would purchase sex. On the other hand, women’s groups have soundly rejected proposals to medical female genital mutilation. Women’s human rights organizations have refuted arguments that girls and women undergoing genital cutting would be better protected from its health risks and physical trauma if it were performed in hospitals under trained medical supervision. Although policies and programs that medical female genital mutilation may reduce some injury and infection, women’s groups have stressed that these policies and programs do not address or end the abuse of women’s human rights represented by the very institutionalization of this unnecessary and mutilating surgery in a medical context. The same is true with current attempts to medical prostitution. No action will stabilize the sex industry more than legitimating prostitution through the health care system. If medical personnel are called upon to monitor women in prostitution, as part of â€Å"occupational health safety,† we will have no hope of eradicating the industry. Furthermore, from a health perspective alone, it is inconceivable that medicalization of women in the industry will reduce infection and injury without concomitant medicalization of the male buyers. Thus medicalization, which is rightly viewed as a consumer protection act for men rather than as a real protection for women, ultimately protects neither women nor men. As with other forms of violence against women, eradicating the health burden of prostitution entails addressing but going beyond its health effects. To address the health consequences of prostitution, the international human rights community must understand that prostitution harms women and that in addition to needing health services; women must be provided with the economic, social and psychological means to leave prostitution. Until prostitution is accepted as violence against women and a violation of women’s human rights, the health consequences of prostitution cannot be addressed adequately. Conversely, until the health burden of prostitution is made visible, the violence of prostitution will remain hidden. The Relationship between prostitution and Crime. It has been said earlier that prostitution itself is not illegal but it is the â€Å"activities associated with it, including soliciting, advertising using cards in telephone boxes and kerb crawling, are criminal offences.† (David Blunkett 2004). The validation for making prostitution illegal as a rule has to do with the protection of women, and the management of sexually transmitted diseases. This could be sensible if in general prostitution itself was illegal. â€Å"In practice however, the fact that prostitution is illegal, normally results in the exploitation and abuse of prostitutes, and does contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.† (Anon, 2001). This thereby leads us to the following ways in which prostitution is related to crime. One of the ways in which prostitution is related to crime is because of the involvement of drugs. According to Blunkett’s definition of prostitution as â€Å"the exchange of sexual services for some form of payment – usually money or drugs† (David Blunkett 2004), it could be noticed that most of the prostitutes especially the street ones take drugs. In one of the research on prostitution done, one of the prostitutes said that if she gives prostitution, she would not be able to get money to buy drugs (, 2008). In addition, because of the addictiveness of drugs, it would be very difficult to leave this act. Another way in which prostitution is related to crime is because of the sex crimes involved. Sex crimes such as rape, child molestations, teenage sexual abuse and sexual harassment in general are all factors that relate prostitution to crime. In addition, because of the fact that prostitution itself is illegal, the perpetrator and the victim who would both be seen as perpetrators would not report these sexual crimes to the police if they happen to take place. Because of this, the sex criminals take advantages of this and commit their crimes because they know the case would not be reported. These acts are part of the risks prostitutes face in doing their work. This leads us further to another mode in which prostitution is related to crime. The police do not take seriously some reports on sex crime inflicted on the prostitutes. In other words there is no criminal justice. According to Gerdes, â€Å"the case of the infamous serial killer ‘Peter Sutcliffe’ also known as the Yorkshire Ripper was not taken too seriously until if was found that also attacked other women who were not prostitutes.† (Louise I. Gerdes 2007). Furthermore, the act of ‘Kerb crawling’ in prostitution is seen as a criminal act. Kerb crawling â€Å"is the act of driving slowly beside a sidewalk looking for a prostitute to pick up.† (Encarta Dictionary Tools 2006). During the period of 1958-2002, there was a high rate of cautions and convictions in of Kerb crawlers in England and Wales. The chart below shows this: Another way in which prostitution is related to crime is through the act of Brothel Keeping. A brothel â€Å"is a place where people pay to have sexual intercourse with prostitutes.† (Encarta Dictionary Tools 2006). Also, during the period of 1985-2002 there was a high population of individuals cautioned and convicted for brothel keeping. The chart below shows this: How the Government can curb prostitution The government can reduce the ever-increasing act of prostitution in several ways. One of the major ways I that the government can reduce the act of prostitution is by banning it. According to ‘The Prostitution Agenda’ video, a way in which the government can curb prostitution is by â€Å"recognising prostitution as a social exploitation and making it an offence to buy sex† This Act was called the Swedish approach. (www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ngNPsYgLc). Another way in which the government can put an end to the act of prostitution is by making the risks involved known to the individuals. A recent Non-Government institution has been engaging in a campaign on the risks prostitutes face and how every woman involved in prostitution is a victim of violence and other sex crimes. Furthermore, the government can also curb prostitution by acting very strictly to the offenders of this sex work because if offenders were punished with no leniency, the high rate of prostitution in the UK would surely reduce. According to the present law, one prostitute may work from an indoor premise, but if there are two or more prostitutes, the place is considered a brothel and it is an offence. Historically, local police forces have wavered between zero tolerance of prostitution and unofficial red light districts. During recent years, there has been long and widespread debate about the legal situation of prostitution in the UK, and, currently, the government appears to favors tough â€Å"anti-prostitution† laws. The debate had centered around whether UK should follow the example of Netherlands, Germany or New Zealand and tolerate prostitution, or whether the country should make it illegal to pay for sex, like in Sweden, Norway and Iceland. In 2006, the government raised the possibility of loosening the prostitution laws and allowing small brothels in England and Wales, but in the end, the plans to allow â€Å"mini brothels† were abandoned, after fears that such establishments would bring pimps and drug dealers into residential areas. Instead, it was decided that prostitution should not be tolerated and the laws should become even stricter. After this, government ministers suggested that rather than permitting mini-brothels, they would like to tackle the â€Å"demand side† of prostitution and make it illegal to pay for sex. One proponent of this was (Minister for Women and Equality, Harriet Harman) Ministers pointed to Sweden, where purchasing sexual services is a criminal offence. The government’s tougher approach towards prostitution began to make legislative progress in 2008, as (Home Secretary Jacqui Smith) announced that paying for sex from a prostitute under the control of a pimp would become a criminal offence. Clients could also face rape charges for knowingly paying for sex from an illegally trafficked woman, and first-time offenders could face charges. The Policing and Crime Act 2009 made it an offence to pay for the services of a prostitute â€Å"subjected to force† to implement that proposal. It also made other provisions in relation to prostitution. The law on prostitution Conclusion Prostitution overall is a very risky business which is internationally known all over the world. Prostitutes are aware of the risks involved in this business before and/or during their involvement in it. The Government can only play a role in trying to put an end to prostitution cannot do it completely. It now depends on the individuals involved and if they are ready to give up this risky business for a more decent life because I believe that only by going to the root cause of prostitution, which are the factors that make up the demand, will we end the sexual exploitation and abuse of women through prostitution. We need to urge all governments, NGOs, and religious communities to focus on reducing the demand for victims of sex trafficking and prostitution. All the components of the demand need to be penalized – the men who purchase sex acts, the exploiters – the traffickers and pimps who profit from the sale of women for sex, the states that fund deceptive messages and a ct as pimp, and the culture that lies about the nature of prostitution. We could greatly reduce the number of victims, if the demand for them was penalized. If there were no men seeking to buy sex acts, no women and children would be bought and sold for any sexual reasons. If there were no brothels waiting for victims, no victims would be recruited. If there were no states that profited from the sex trade, there would be no regulations that facilitated the flow of women from poor towns to wealthier sex industry centres. If there were no false messages about prostitution, no women or girls would be deceived into thinking prostitution is a glamorous or legitimate job. Bibliography Blunkett, D. (2004). Paying the Price: A Consultation Paper on prostitution. [Electronic Note] Downloaded: 9th February 2008. Boccaccio, G. (1972). The Decameron. Trans. G. H. McWilliam. New York: Penguin, 1972. Brundage, James A. (1987) Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. Bullough, Vern L. (1982) â€Å"Prostitution in the Later Middle Ages.† Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church. Ed. Vern L. Bullough and James Brundage. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. (Donna M. Hughes Professor Carlson Endowed. July 1, 2, and 3, 2004 Female Prostitution: Proposals and Interventions Giddens, A. (2003) Sociology. Oxford: Polity press Home Office (2008). Crime and Victims, How we are reducing Crime, Prostitution [online] Available: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/prostitution/ [Accessed 2nd march 2008] Louise, I. (2007) What are the Causes of ProstitutionGreenheaven Prints US Sanders, T. (2005) Sex Work, A Risky Business, Willan Publishing, UK Taylor, A. (1991) Prostitution: What’s Love got to do with itMacdonald Co (Publishers) Ltd., London You Tube (2008) The Prostitution Agenda. [Video Online]. Available: www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_ngNPsYgLc. [Accessed 2nd march 2008] Reay Tannahill, (1982) Sex in History † (Time Magazine, August 23 1971) (Encarta Dictionary Tools (2006) A Theory of Prostitution† (February 2002, Journal of Political Economy) (Vern and Bonnie Bullough, Women and Prostitution: A Social History (1987; 3-4) Leheny, D. (2005). A political economy of Asian sex tourism. Annals of Tourism Research vol. 22 no. (2). pp. 367–384. Parriott, Ruth. Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution: Survey Findings and Recommendations. Unpublished, May 1994. Hunter, Susan Kay quoting oral testimony collected by the Council for Prostitution Alternatives. Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children.† Feminist Broadcast Quarterly, Spring 1993†¦ Jacobson, Jodi L. â€Å"The Other Epidemic.† World Watch. May-June 1992, pp. 10-17. How to cite The Roots of Prostitution In the UK, Essay examples

Nationality Diversity and Firm Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nationality Diversity and Firm Performance. Answer: Introduction: Recently, I am working with a multinational organization as a human resource manager. My job responsibilities include; setting up employee benefits and performance appraisals, maximizing the opportunities and others. In any company, a human resource manager plays a major role in binding the staff members together. In my office, I undertake several activities to strengthen the bonds among the staff members and manage the employee relations. In addition to this, organizing get together and small gatherings is also a part of my job duties. It is beneficial for the office environment, as it plays a major role in building up the employee relations (Bach, 2012). Human resource management is often linked with employee relations. The term refers to the management of human resources of an organization. The department is concerned with the management of the people within organizations by focusing on their systems and strategies. The human resource department is being designed in order to maximize the performance of the employees, which in turn benefits the company. The department of human resource is hugely responsible for designing employee benefits, performance appraisal, recruitment of the candidates, employee training programs and their development as well, maintaining industrial relations and others. It mainly focuses on maximizing the productivity of the employees. The human resource professionals are responsible for managing any organizations human capital by implementing policies and procedures. They specialize on training, recruiting and selection of the candidates, designing employee benefits and relations. In the early twentieth century, human resource was a product of human relations movement. Initially, it was dominated by works like payroll as well as benefits administration. However, due to globalization and technological advances, the human resource department now focuses on initiatives like talent management, industrial relations, labor relations, diversity, mergers and acquisitions and more. Efficient and effective human resource managers can benefit any company to a huge extent. In small companies or start ups, trained and experienced professionals may perform the duties of the human resource department. In bigger companies, there is an entire group who performs the duties and responsibilities of the human resource management team. Human resource departments make sure that the organizational teams are functioning well. Moreover, with the competitive environment, the organizations are becoming more diverse. The human resource management team must ensure that the organization have diversity policies and procedures. The department of human resource strives to offer better benefits to the workers, therefore, reducing the risks in business (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). Employee relations help in maintaining good relations with the staff members, which reduces workplace conflicts, increases overall productivity and raises staff morale. There are various ways of improving the relations and help in making the workplace more constructive and efficient. Improving communication among the members can prove beneficial for the company. Moreover, it is important to encourage and motivate the staff members to voice their opinion, whenever necessary. It helps in reducing the conflicts among the members and raises productivity as well. In addition to this, gathering feedback from the employees regarding the workplace environment as well as interacting with them can raise the workplace morale and improve relations (Bell, 2013). An organization is going to implement diversity in their policies. In order to implement it, developing a plan or strategy is highly required. Firstly, the organizational leader must make relevant decisions before imposing any rules or regulations. Existing employees may not be comfortable with the new set of rules. Therefore, the planning must be done strategically. Diversity trainings or programs must be conducted, in order to make them aware of the issues. Secondly, the plans and policies must comply with the legislative requirements. Thirdly, while communicating with the staff members, it is to be kept in mind that the organizational leader sounds supportive. The staff members must be encouraged to voice their opinion fearlessly, in a professional manner. Fourthly, the problems must be identified and proper plans must be implemented in order to deal with them (Chelladurai Kerwin, 2017). Diverse culture in any organization brings in high values and it is a reflection of the changing marketplace. However, after gathering data and feedback, it is seen that the issues can be improved more. Proper diversity trainings must be conducted in the organizations to make the existing employees aware of the issues. If any employee faces any issue he/she must feel free to communicate his/her problems to the higher authority. In addition to this, he/she can take legal actions against the organization. The employees mindset of, we have always done it in this way, needs to be changed. It is high time organizations take diverse work groups seriously (Deyoe Fox, 2012). Furthermore, arranging events and social gatherings will help the employees open up. They must be given the opportunity to speak their heart out and voice their opinions on such occasions. It is to be kept in mind that their feedback is highly beneficial for the companys success. Organizations must promote diversity in the workplaces. Interactive sessions must be conducted as it helps in knowing the staff members better, their wishes, choice and demands. Valuing their opinions also make them feel that they are an important part of the organization. Therefore, the management team needs to be more cautious regarding such issues and workplace bullying must never be encouraged (Hamilton Webster, 2015). Diverse workforce is responsible for bringing in high values to the organization. In todays competitive environment, a diverse number of employees are seen as a reflection of the changing world. Diversity can be integrated into the workplace by providing the existing employees with diversity trainings and mentoring programs. In my workplace, diversity trainings are being provided to the employees in order to accept it in the workplace policies. Moreover, the managers and supervisors are also very cooperative in terms of diversity management. There does not exist any stereotypes or discrimination, which helps in maintaining a safe and friendly workplace environment (Pieterse, Van Knippenberg Van Dierendonck, 2013). In order to deal with workplace conflicts the management team first needs to talk to the person who is involved with this. It is important to focus on their behaviors as well as events and not on the personalities. The management team must listen to the issues carefully, without interrupting. He/she needs to point out the areas of agreement or disagreement, while prioritizing the conflict areas at the same time. After hearing from them, he/she needs to chalk out a plan for working on the conflict and follow through the plan. He/she can also take legal actions, if necessary. In addition to this, the management team must set up a conflict resolution method. This includes; arbitration, conciliation, mediation, negotiation, collaborative law, conflict resolution, dispute resolution, lawyer supported mediation and others (Van Dooren, Bouckaert Halligan, 2015). Knowledge Activity Preparing employment records. Hiring, promoting, transferring and terminating employees. Training and development. Interviewing applicants and implementing new recruiting strategies (Hamilton Webster, 2015). It is very crucial to understand industrial agreements as it can affect the workplace in a huge way. The industrial agreement is a formal document that consists of specific terms, which is lodged formally by the authority. It is an agreement which can be inconsistent at times. However, specific documents need to be finished before lodging an industrial agreement. Failing to do so can cause severe penalties to the organization. Employees must be provided with specific documents in order to make them become aware of their rights before entering any organization. Such agreements help in outlining the terms and conditions of the workplaces and make them clear to the employees. The industrial agreement is not applicable on the awards and remuneration of the employees. However, the basic pay rate mentioned in the agreement will not be less. There award system may modify on the basis of their skills and abilities. The registered agreements are applicable until they are replaced or terminated. If the employees are not provided with proper awards and recognitions, it may mar the progress of the organization and also hamper its business structure. Employees must be protected from unlawful or unfair means of termination. They must be provided with workplace safety and security and it is the duty of the organization to ensure the wellbeing of both the employer and employee. The industrial agreements are made between employers and employees along with the chosen representatives. The industrial agreements include several matters like; safe employee conditions, working hours, overtime benefits, pay rates, consultative mechanisms, dispute or conflict resolution procedures and wage deductions for any purpose which is authorized by the employee. Unlawful or unfair contents must not be included like; objectionable or discriminatory terms. The workplace safety procedures totally depend on the organizations environment and their legal systems. If any organization lacks strategies and policies, employees will not feel safe working with that company. Therefore, industrial agreements must be made on the basis of these factors; otherwise, it may affect the workplace (Van Dooren, Bouckaert Halligan, 2015). Customer satisfaction and ensuring delivery of good quality products within the delivery time: Product Manager. Selecting, recruiting and hiring functions: Human resource manager. Product management, quality check and record keeping: Senior manager (Olanipekun, Xia Nguyen, 2017). The organizations department of human resource will be responsible for designing employee benefits, performance appraisal, recruitment of the candidates, employee training programs and their development as well, maintaining industrial relations and others. It will focus on maximizing the productivity of the employees. The human resource professionals must be responsible for managing any organizations human capital by implementing policies and procedures. They should specialize on training, recruiting and selection of the candidates, designing employee benefits and relations. Effective and efficient human resource management can benefit the company on a long run. The team must be able to provide the new employees with proper trainings and induction. The department of human resource must make sure that the organizational teams are functioning well. It is the duty and the responsibility of the team to check the employees are working by maintaining a well balanced life. The department of human resource strives to offer better benefits to the workers, therefore, reducing the risks in business. Moreover, with the competitive environment, the organizations are becoming more diverse. The human resource management team must ensure that the organization have diversity policies and procedures. If the company lacks diversity policies, the human resource department must implement new strategies and plans for the organizations benefits (Pieterse, Van Knippenberg Van Dierendonck, 2013). The organization has been able to provide its employees with a balanced professional and personal life. The employers provides with several benefits in order to reduce the stress factor. The project managers play a major role in this to let the employees have a balanced life. Firstly, it is very crucial to maintain a structural consistency inside the organization. The employees are less nervous if the organization is consistent in nature and they know what to expect. A steady as well as reliable working environment helps in reducing the stress of the employees and in turn makes them feel like home. Secondly, the employers can offer them with several opportunities related to community engagement. This is another way of connecting the dots between the working time and out of work time. This helps in engaging the employees to activities which are meaningful as well as beneficial. For examples; fun activities between work, getting involved into community causes and others. This will benefit the employees to a huge extent and increase their productivity. At times, the employees must be given early paid leave as an incentive to spend time with their families. Moreover, company must organize parties or gatherings and invite the employees family members too. Thirdly, every individual has a bad day; therefore, they must be given some lone time or personal space, before engaging into work. The organization must have a quiet space for the employees so that they can take a break when required. The space must be clean and free of companys materials and items. It should be filled with flowers and plants, comfortable seating arrangements, soft music or light materials for reading. This would make the employee feel better in a homely environment. The space should be filled with silence, so that the employee can spend some time with himself/herself. Fourthly, the organizations must have flexible schedule. In case of any emergency, the employee must be given full right to schedule their time as per their choice. The organization can however ask the employees to make up the deficiency later. For instance; if an employees family member is sick, he/she can be given the opportunity of working from home or may be he/she can go to office in the weekend and make up for the lost time. In such ways, an employee will never have the fear of losing wages at times of emergency and at the same time the companys deadlines will be met (Olanipekun, Xia Nguyen, 2017). Five external organizational support services for the employees: Counseling and support. Online services. Trauma response. Financial assistance. Legal assistance. Five internal organizational support services for the employees: On site counseling assistance. Advices related to industrial matters. Expert advice and support to deal with sensitive workplace issues. Workplace rehabilitation. Organizational advice (Pollitt, 2013). The performance measurement is referred to the results as well as their outcomes, which are obtained from the processes, services and products permitting evaluation as well as comparison relative to the goals, past results, standards and others. It can be expressed in terms of finance as well as non finance. It helps in creating and managing the key performance indicators and stimulates the most apt behavior. Successful measurement helps in providing an unbiased performance assessment which leads to the success of the business. The organization needs a balanced measurement generic measurement factors in order to prevent delay in delivery and sacrificing quality. The performance metrics is used by the organization as a part of performance measurement, which gives desired results. The behaviors of the consumers are also tracked in order to get benefitted (Nielsen Nielsen, 2013). The organization provides its employees with work health and safety policies. The organizations workplace creates a safe and secured work environment for the employees. It contributes in the long term benefit of the business. Workplace safety helps in retaining the staffs and maximizes productivity. The organization assesses the risks as well as implements various measures in order to control them. It ensures safe handling of substances and goods. It provides the employees with insurance policies and workers compensation. In addition to this, the organization provides equal rights to everyone, irrespective of their culture, race, sex, diversity, gender and other factors. There are strict laws against discrimination and workplace bullying. Strict actions are taken against those who perform such offences. Anti discrimination laws help in focusing on the protection of the individuals from any kind of harassment (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt, 2012). Staff development strategies include; Skill assessment plans: This includes some skill tests like personality ability tests, aptitude tests, face to face interview and others. Training and development: Proper trainings and mentoring programs must be offered to the employees on a daily basis. Resources: The employees must be offered with resources like books, software programs, videos and others in their spare time, which will help them enhance their skills and abilities. Leadership: Effective leadership helps the new employees enhance their skills. Trainers: Professional and certified trainers helps the new employees develop their skills and abilities (Kumar et al., 2012). Unfair dismissal occurs at times, when the organization dismisses their employees in an unjustified manner or unreasonable way. There are no such rules which exist in our organization. The company on terminating employees, provide with valid reasons so that the dismissal is justified. Employees can apply for unfair dismissal and take legal actions for this. However, the employees need to serve the company for at least six months before applying for unfair dismissal. Small businesses have a different policy here; they can apply only if they are employed for at least one year. Our organization has a strict Fair Work Act, which protects the employees from unlawful termination (Hentschel et al., 2013) The management is highly responsible for the maintenance of discipline within the organization and ensuring that adequate disciplinary rules are available. The management team must take the initiative of establishing these rules. Moreover, the team needs to take care that the rules are fully effective and efficient. The team is responsible for providing the employees with a fair and safe environment. Therefore, the teams aim must be securing the employees unfair dismissals by introducing new set of rules and regulations. If the employees feel that they are being treated badly, they can file a complaint against this to the management team in the stage one. However, if the management fails to take actions against this, the employees can move to the stage two. In stage two, the employee can move to the next stage, that is complaining to the human resource management team and frankly share his issues. If the human resource manager fails to resolve his/her queries, the employee can now move to the last and final stage. In this fourth stage, the employee can take help of the third party, that is labor union, representatives and others, for resolving his issue. Furthermore, if any unfair dismissal or termination occurs, the employee can even take legal actions. Therefore, the management team must take care of such issues in order to stop employee exploitation and unfair termination (Deyoe Fox, 2012). Performance Activity Diversity: Diversity can be integrated into the workplace by providing the existing employees with diversity trainings and mentoring programs. Recruitment: On the basis of skills and abilities of the employees. Induction: Sessions must include trainings and mentoring for staff development. Training and development: Proper trainings and mentoring programs must be offered to the employees on a daily basis by professional and certified trainers. Performance management: Managers must promote strategies for improving their employees performance. They must work together to review and assess their issues in order to create a better environment (Anitha, 2014). Risks Identification: Conflicts between workers, discrimination, workplace bullying, unfair dismissal and others. Risk Management Strategies: Handling the issues in an effective manner, implementing diversity in the policies, legal procedures and actions (Girling, 2013). Negotiating awards and contracts: In any workplace negotiating awards, agreements and contracts are all done by the human resource department based on the skills and abilities of the employees. It motivates the employees to work better and contributes to the organizations productivity and growth. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Bach, S. (2012). Performance management.Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition, 219-242. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Bell, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance.Public Administration Review,73(1), 143-153. Chelladurai, P., Kerwin, S. (2017).Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics. Deyoe, R. H., Fox, T. L. (2012). Identifying strategies to minimize workplace conflict due to generational differences.Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business,5, 1. Girling, P. X. (2013).Operational risk management: a complete guide to a successful operational risk framework. John Wiley Sons. Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2015).The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Hentschel, T., Shemla, M., Wegge, J., Kearney, E. (2013). Perceived diversity and team functioning: The role of diversity beliefs and affect.Small Group Research,44(1), 33-61. Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A. (2012).Understanding business strategy concepts plus. Cengage Learning. Kumar, S., Quinn, S. C., Kim, K. H., Daniel, L. H., Freimuth, V. S. (2012). The impact of workplace policies and other social factors on self-reported influenza-like illness incidence during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.American Journal of Public Health,102(1), 134-140. Nielsen, B. B., Nielsen, S. (2013). Top management team nationality diversity and firm performance: A multilevel study.Strategic Management Journal,34(3), 373-382. Olanipekun, A. O., Xia, B. P., Nguyen, H. T. (2017). Motivation and Owner Commitment for Improving the Delivery Performance of Green Building Projects: A Research Framework.Procedia Engineering,180, 71-81. Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Van Dierendonck, D. (2013). Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), 782-804. Pollitt, C. (2013). The logics of performance management.Evaluation,19(4), 346-363. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., Halligan, J. (2015).Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.